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How To Write A Good Rebuttal
Sunday, August 23, 2020
MSC MANAGING MAJOR PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES Personal Statement
MSC MANAGING MAJOR PROJECTS AND Programs - Personal Statement Example need my future to be, I have chosen to apply for admission to Middlesex University - the National Center for Project Management, a notable, set up college in London and to be explicitly part of its MSC Managing Major Projects and Programs course. My choice to have some expertise in this course depended on its nearby connection to my current occupation necessities, existing gained abilities and encounters. I have likewise shown up at this choice considering the ongoing business patterns developing like the across the board of venture the executives base work the world over, the more extensive inclusion of task the executives, the meager layer of accessible undertaking administrators against the taking off interest for them and the issue of a well known distributed universal corporate magazine which appraised ââ¬Å"project managementâ⬠as the main vocation decision of this thousand years. I have picked Middlesex college among the rest due to what it offers, its school offices, nature of guides and in particular, its great recognized accomplishments like being the principal college in London to be granted four Queenââ¬â¢s Anniversary Prizes in four distinct classifications. It likewise got positive criticism from the Quality Assurance Agency for keeping up all inclusive serious scholastic measures to its understudies. These accomplishments, brought to the consideration of the general population, have drawn more enrolees including myself. It will be my respect and delight to gain proficiency with the required information and abilities with the worldââ¬Ës most noteworthy tutors and simultaneously trade with and go up against the best understudies on the planet. I am sure that these two elements will furnish me with deep rooted benefits. Just by driving myself into this exceptionally serious scholarly field will I be certain that my extraordinary possibilities can b e evoked into the fullest, and thusly, empower me to additionally build up my fortitude and position to confront difficulties, upgrade my perseverance, and improve my explanatory reasoning. My inspiration for graphing my
Friday, August 21, 2020
The Art Of Writing Powerful Sentences
Regardless of whether youre a fiction author, a columnist or a web content essayist, you need your sentences to catch people groups consideration. What's more, for that, you have to compose ground-breaking sentences that sparkle interest and drive them to keep perusing. In the event that you consider sentences a bit of music which would you rather tune in to: music that lifts and moves you as it traverses the melodic scale or music that rambles on in quieted monotones? You dont must be a characteristic at this. By rehearsing a portion of the counsel to follow, you can shape better sentences that catch the consideration of your perusers. Cut back the excess The dependable guideline recorded as a hard copy amazing sentences is that toning it down would be ideal. Dont immerse your sentences with drawn out expressions. Be immediate and arrive at the point. No one has the opportunity to toil through roundabout composition to get to the creators genuine aims. A few instances of fat-cutting: Because of the way that Sally has a chilly, she didnt come to work. Sally didnt come to work since she has a virus. I avoided my exercise so I could make my girls soccer match. I avoided my exercise to make my little girls soccer match. Lynn is the sort of young lady who likes to take long strolls. Lynn likes to take long strolls. There was essentially no genuine purpose behind Johns excusal. There was no explanation behind Johns excusal. The gas tank out of nowhere detonated. The gas tank detonated. She came within the kitchen and plunked down. She entered the kitchen and plunked down. Move solid words to the start or end The first and final expressions of a sentence are the most important. In the event that your sentences most grounded words are in the center, you can rebuild to bring them either to the start or the end. Ex 1: The tempest caused a major fire and a few electrical deficiencies because of solid breezes. Versus Solid breezes caused a few electrical deficiencies and a major fire. The principal model beginnings with ââ¬Å"The stormâ⬠and closes with ââ¬Å"windsâ⬠versus the second model that begins with ââ¬Å"Strong windsâ⬠and closes with ââ¬Å"fireâ⬠. Ex.2 The tiger jumped on the deer and figured out how to tear its jugular. Versus Jumping on the deer, the tiger tore its jugular. By beginning with the word ââ¬Å"pouncingâ⬠you get the perusers consideration immediately. Arrive at the point Dont write around and around. Dont attempt to be tricky or slippery or conceal your point in allusion or two sided connotation. No one is going to set aside the effort to unravel your convoluted sentences. Let's assume it plain and clear or dont state it by any means. Ex: Maybe John were attempting to angle for a type of praise about the nature of his report. Versus John was looking for praises about his reports. Strangely, there were basically no youthful ish men at the firemans lone ranger party. Versus There were barely any youngsters at the firemans single guy party. Dont use cushion Indeed, even fiction scholars who are permitted a specific permit to meander aimlessly can succumb to this one. Ensure that your sentences are there on purpose. Is it true that they are pushing the story ahead? Is it accurate to say that they are effectively expressing the idea? A gourmet supper doesnt incorporate filler and great sentences dont incorporate cushion. For instance, in the event that I added this sentence to the above section: Cushion tops off the page yet doesnt bring your peruser any closer to understanding your message. Is it extremely essential? Or on the other hand has this point previously been made by the past sentences? Dispose of uninvolved voice Uninvolved voice doesn't make solid sentences. It hinders the progression of data and sounds cumbersome. Supplant your uninvolved voice with activity action words and see what occurs: The deers jugular was torn by the tiger. The tiger tore the deers jugular. A fire was brought about by the tempests solid breezes. The tempests solid breezes caused a fire. The kid was taken out by the flyball. The flyball took the youngster out. Pick better action words ââ¬Å"To beâ⬠and ââ¬Å"To haveâ⬠are a portion of the main words educated to ESL understudies. Why would that be? Since theyre the most ordinarily utilized action words in the English language. For incredible sentences, you need to manufacture new landscape. Rack ââ¬Å"To beâ⬠and ââ¬Å"To haveâ⬠and adventure into the wide universe of action words. Look at this rundown of activity action words for certain thoughts. Simply be certain not to debilitate them by placing them in uninvolved voice (see above). Make a picture in barely any words OK, so youre not going to utilize cushion, youre not going to utilize detached voice or additional words. It might appear Ive removed every one of your instruments as an author, leaving you with 5 word sentences that sound plain and mechanical. Yet, trust me, theres a superior world sitting tight for you past longwindedness. What's more, you can compose solid sentences with hardly any words. Hemingway was the ace. He guaranteed this was the best sentence he at any point composed: ââ¬Å"Baby shoes: available to be purchased, never worn.â⬠It recounts to a story, makes a picture and brings out feeling and has zero fat to trim. Assemble tension Truly, you need to arrive at the point. No, you dont need your individual sentences to be too unpredictable to even think about understanding. Be that as it may, as you assemble a story, you can utilize great sentences as apparatuses to help manufacture tension. You need your perusers to yearning to comprehend what occurs straightaway. Giving them tension pushes them to the following sentence without an excessive amount of exertion on their part. That is the thing that you need for your composition to be easy to peruse. A sentence like: Jack had put a letter under their entryway for them to discover when they returned home to their condo. â⬠¦can be made increasingly fascinating by including some anticipation: Once inside the condo, they found a letter pushed under the entryway. Be provocative Incite someones outrage or adulation with polemical sentences. Rather than this: Numerous intelligent people will in general be skeptics. Attempt this: In contrast to devotees, numerous savvy people are skeptics. Here you have a without fat sentence that arrives at the point and doesnt shroud a conclusion behind objectivity. Extraordinary sentences take practice. Good karma dealing with yours!
Thursday, July 9, 2020
How to Prevent Choppiness in the Essay Text
How to Prevent Choppiness in the Essay Text If you often find yourself guilty of writing too many short sentences, then it might be time to reassess your writing process. Not only are small sentences boring, but they also convey a message that you are incapable of sustaining a rather complex thought. Essay writing, in particular, is one area where choppy writing can be heavily penalized. Basic advice As a general rule of thumb, students are often advised to refer to their favorite story books or novels for writing inspiration. But being inspired is not enough; one must learn about writing hooks and writing hook examples to lure in the reader and follow it up with interesting content that keeps the readers engaged. The first step to mastering the art of writing excellent essays is to study and practice the use of writing punctuations that will allow your thoughts to flow into a piece of paper. How to eliminate choppy writing? Keep a lookout for strings of short declarative sentences that intend to make the readers start and stop frequently. Declarative sentences are those that form a statement. For example, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ll go to the store tomorrow,â⬠ââ¬Å"I told him to wear the gray blazer,â⬠etc. Try and avoid beginning sentences with words such as ââ¬Å"thereâ⬠or ââ¬Å"itâ⬠followed by verbs like ââ¬Å"to beâ⬠. For example, ââ¬Å"There areâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ , ââ¬Å"There isâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ , ââ¬Å"It isâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ These are expletive sentences that rob the sentences of its energy before it even gets a chance to get to work. Expletives are often unnecessary words that drag down the sentence and prevent them from flowing into the next. Make use of pronouns which refer to particular people, place, or things to connect sentences to form demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns include That, This, Those, or These. Take for example, ââ¬Å"Each night Johnny studied his philosophy textbooks; he recalled those words he had said to his teacher.â⬠This urges the reader to think about the words Johnny had said before that particular sentence. Link words between two sentences in a way each sentence ties to the one preceding it and sentence prior to it. You can always draw up an essay outline, compare facts or concepts, and add embellishment words to imbue details or follow along further to create a logical sequence. Make use of semicolons to link statements that are closely related. Semicolons connect two concepts or facts that are closely related and join the ideas that are in two short sentences. Take for example, ââ¬Å"It rained heavily in the morning; we had our picnic anyway.â⬠Try and connect paragraphs for a smooth transition. Open each paragraph with a linking phrase or words, such as Nevertheless or Thus. Another way to do this would be to repeat one keyword at the end of one paragraph and repeat it once in the next. This would make a direct link, smoothing out the entire section. Connect with a professional writer in 5 simple steps. Start now Please provide as many details about your writingstruggle as possible. Next What's the area of study of your paper? English Business and Entrepreneurship Nursing History African-American Studies Accounting Anthropology Architecture Art, Theatre and Film Biology Business and Entrepreneurship Chemistry Communication Strategies Computer Science Criminology Economics Education English Engineering Environmental Issues Ethics Finance Geography Healthcare History International and Public Relations Law and Legal Issues Linguistics Literature Management Marketing Mathematics Music Nursing Nutrition Other Philosophy Physics Political Science Psychology Religion and Theology Sociology Sport Technology Tourism Next How many pages do you need? Next When is it due? 01 AM 02 AM 03 AM 04 AM 05 AM 06 AM 07 AM 08 AM 09 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 AM 01 PM 02 PM 03 PM 04 PM 05 PM 06 PM 07 PM 08 PM 09 PM 10 PM 11 PM 12 PM Next What's your e-mail? Next Done! Something to remember Many students prefer writing short sentences because they feel uncomfortable with the idea of using commas and other elements to create longer sentences. Make no mistake; writing a compelling essay conclusion is equally important as the body. It is only then you will master the essay form and realize the real potential of writing.
Tuesday, May 19, 2020
Analysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest - 1750 Words
Kaitlyn Doll Mrs. J. Hudson ENG4U - 02 May 13th, 2016 Alienation in the Lives of Chief Bromden and Holden Caulfield As one is experiencing a life of alienation and loneliness, they may being to act uncontrollable while rebelling against their surroundings, one loses themselves as they feel different than everyone present. Alienation can force an individual to spiral into an abyss of nothingness, nonetheless if one allows others to reach out and inspire than it is possible to break away from the alienation and loneliness. Chief Bromden from the novel One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest, written by Ken Kesey, is an Indian who was institutionalized for insanity and is considered a chronic in the ward as he is ââ¬Å"too far goneâ⬠to be healed. Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D Salinger is a lying, rebellious teenager sent away by his parents to a private school as they are unable to handle Holdenââ¬â¢s behaviour. It is evident both experience alienation as their stories progress and actions taken, however the individuals present in their lives motivate chang es in the outcomes of these dynamic characters. Firstly, the prominent motif in One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest is invisibility, Chief Bromden was seen as invisible in his childhood as well as on the ward. Once as a child on the reserve with his family, a group of appraisers trespassed onto the Bromden family land while Bromden was outside completing daily chores, the group proceeded to insultShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1179 Words à |à 5 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest Essay: Power Dynamics In The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest ââ¬Å"She aint honest â⬠¦ She likes a rigged gameâ⬠(Forman One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest Film). Power can be used as a source of evil or heroism. It has the capacity to control and manipulate people. However, it also has the capability to champion freedom and rights for others. In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest, Nurse Ratchetââ¬â¢s controlling power came from her ability to emasculate the male patients and maintain a sexlessRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1038 Words à |à 5 PagesChief Bromden is the main character in One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest. Chief Bromden, also know as ââ¬Å"Chief Broomâ⬠is mentally ill in a mental ward. Chief suffers from Schizophrenia, lack of identity, and oppression. Chief Bromden changes throughout the novel by coming out of his fog, becoming aware of his surroundings, and even leaving the mental ward with the help of his friend Mcmurphy. Chief bromden has a large quantity of schizophrenic episodes throughout the book. He suffers fromRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1734 Words à |à 7 PagesAbigail Dempsey HAP 315 October 29, 14 Shaw-Sutherland One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest In this book written by Ken Kesey, the main character is a man named R.P. McMurphy who tricks people into thinking that he is a psychopath. To McMurphy, the asylum is a get out of jail free card, which quickly turns out to be something else entirely. However, one vital aspect of this book is the way in which it addresses and provides insight upon several contemporary issues relating to the American healthcareRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest970 Words à |à 4 Pages Major Assignment #2 Psychological Disorders The Movies Movie Title: One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest PSY 2100 Introductory Psychology Student Name: Caijuan Xu Student No. 040785683 Algonquin College 2015.11.19 ââ¬Å"One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nestâ⬠is a famous USA movie at November 19, 1975. This movie talks about when Randle Patrick McMurphy was transferred from prison farm to a mental institution, a group people who were diagnosed with mental illness lived here. McMurphy was dynamicRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1306 Words à |à 6 PagesBenjamin Wiki - Conformity Intro ââ¬Å"Conformity is behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions.â⬠- One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest The novel is set in the 1960ââ¬â¢s inside a mental institution told by a patient, Big Chief Bromden and can be seen as a miniature mirror of society. The wards society is presented as a machine, called the Combine, that makes everyone conform to its strict rules and timetables. All individuality is taken away from the patients, and the happy feelings areRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 943 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Subversion of Gender Roles in One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest In today s society, as well as in the past, men are typically placed in a position of power over women. Although gender equality is increasing, a more patriarchal society is considered to be the norm. However, in certain situations the gender roles that are played by men and women are reversed, and women hold most, if not all of the power. Such as in Ken Kesey s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, in this instance the ward is aRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 845 Words à |à 4 PagesOne Flew over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest is about a mental ward, its patients, and the head nurse, Nurse Ratched, a sadistic woman who overpowers her patients by making them feel small, incompetent, and incapable of belonging to society in a normal manner. Two of the patients, Billy Bibbit, a shy and fearful man with a bad stutter, and R. P. McMurphy, a very smart and outspoken man, each play a big part in the movie. They are both examples of wrongful treatment within the instituti on. In the end, Billy commitsRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2935 Words à |à 12 PagesKesey highlights two distinctions between the roles of women in his novel ââ¬ËOne Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nestââ¬â¢. He places women in two categories, the ââ¬ËBallcuttersââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËWhoresââ¬â¢ . The ââ¬ËBallcuttersââ¬â¢ are presented to have a dominant role over the men within the ââ¬ËCombineââ¬â¢ and challenges their masculinity, resulting in them being personified as machines. This is demonstrated when Bromden describes the ââ¬Ëtip of each finger the same colour as her lips. Funny orange. Like the tip of a soldering ironââ¬â¢ of NurseRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 3755 Words à |à 16 Pagestheir gender, suggesting the two are intrinsically linked. In ââ¬ËOne Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nestââ¬â¢, the patients in the asylum are emasculated by the presence of a powerful woman who controls their fate. These men are not celebrated for their madness as they would have been during the renaissance (Foucault) but rather they are dominated by the ââ¬Å"ball breakerââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ Nurse Ratched. Hence gender and identity in Keseyââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËOne Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nestââ¬â¢ is the premise for conflict within the asylum and the eventualRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2178 Words à |à 9 PagesAlex Farkas Mr. Kendrick AP English Literature June 10, 2017 The Theme of Power in One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s nest In Ken Keseyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nestâ⬠, he uses the concept of power as a theme that is laced throughout his novel in many different forms, most of which are abstract and some of which are tangible objeacts. Kesey uses the arrival of McMurphy as the catalyst for all the events that follow. McMurphyââ¬â¢s clash with Nurse Ratched is a classic example of a power struggle with a
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay on An Opinion on Men Are from Mars, Women Are from...
The Need for Understanding the Differences: An Opinion on Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus In order to have a good communication, men and women have to understand and trust one another. In a book Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus John Gray shows the differences that men and women have. Also, Gray points out plenty of techniques and ideas that men and women can use to make their relationships much stronger and happier. I argue that John Grays book is very helpful, informative, and insightful because his guidance helped me to understand my girlfriends temperament and differences. Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus is a useful book to read and look into. The information which is provided in the book can definitelyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In Chapter Three, couples will discover different ways to handle stress. Gray states, Men become increasingly focused and withdrawn while women become increasingly overwhelmed and emotionally involved (Gray 29). If men and women do not understand these differences, they will usually have problems in their relationship. Gray provides many strategies and examples which will help readers understand their partners responses to stress. Knowing the motivation about opposite sex can help couples to survive many relationships. However, people seem not to pay attention much to this part of the relationship. Gray explains the motivation pattern in Chapter Four. He states, Men are motivated and empowered when they feel needed......Women are motivated and empowered when they feel cherished (Gray 43). I strongly agree with this statement because my girlfriend and I present the same motivation patterns to each other. I noticed that Valerie usually feels loved when I show care, and respect. On the other hand, when I feel trusted and appreciated with my efforts, I become empowered and fulfilled. Grays methods totally relate to my relationship with Valerie, and his guides are definitely helping me out. Grays book could help many relationships with understanding each others needs, emotions and qualities. Gray is giving lots of advice to both menShow MoreRelatedEssay on Book Review Men Are from Mars; Women Are from Venus1139 Words à |à 5 PagesProject Men are from Mars; Women are from Venus ââ¬â John Gray, Ph.D. The main message in the book, Men are from Mars; Women are from Venus, is that men and women are so different in many ways that they might as well be from different planets. Men and women seem to fail to communicate with each other on how to understand how each other loves and expects to be loved, and that is the reason for relationship and marriage conflict. Men and women communicate in very different ways. Men want to seeRead MoreSusan Tannen s Sex, Lies, And Conversation By Deborah Tannen Essay792 Words à |à 4 Pages Men are from Mars, and women are from Venus. A classic analogy describing how men and women are both born on Earth, but display different characteristics in communication. While two individuals start off through physical attraction, the way that a relationship last is through strong communication and the understanding between both people. Deborah Tannen elaborates on the different methods of how each sex communicates, and the issues that arise. Causing relationships to become distressed, dueRead MoreEssay on Gustav Holst1432 Words à |à 6 PagesGustav Holst Music derived from astrology is surprisingly rare. The ancient Greek philosophers, whatever their intellectual attitudes towards astrology may have been, were certainly not ignorant of astrological teachings and ideas. It was they, after all who put forward the idea of the Music of the Spheres, the idea that these vast objects twirling around and whirling through space, must have hummed a tone as they went along their courses, much as a ball spun on a string will whistle.Read MoreEssay Summary and Analysis of The Knights Tale2291 Words à |à 10 Pageswith him after conquering her kingdom of Amazons. When Theseus returned home victorious, he became aware that there was a company of women clad in black who knelt at the side of the highway, shrieking. The oldest of the women asked Theseus for pity. She told him that she was once the wife of King Cappaneus who was destroyed at Thebes, and that all of the other women with her lost their husbands. Creon, the lord of the town, simply tossed the dead bodies of the soldiers in a single pile and refusedRead MoreEssay about Differences in Communication between Men and Women1185 Words à |à 5 PagesIt is a well-known fact that men and women have vastly different styles of nearly everything, communication not excluded. Women tend to be more talkative and emotional whereas men are usually reserved and not quite as open with their emotions. Many differences indeed exist between the spoken language of males and females. What about body language? Nonverbal cues are often difficult to notice and even harder to understand. Some people may not even realize when they are communicating in this senseRead MoreHuman Space Exploration Essay1513 Words à |à 7 PagesExploration is Better than Human Space Exploration The space is a marvelous place where it is fated for humans to go and explore, just like how humans explored the new world back in the Medieval age. For the past decades, people have sent up men and women, and machines to the space for the sake of space exploration. Even with this great amount of time, the debate over Robots Vs. Humans for space exploration hasnââ¬â¢t come to a settle yet. With that said, Robot Vs. Human Space Exploration will be discussedRead MoreGender and Identity in Raymond Carvers so Much Water, so Close to Home1088 Words à |à 5 PagesMen are from Mars, women are from Venus. Weve all heard the saying, but what does it mean? We are different, that goes without saying. As evidenced in Raymond Carvers So Much Water, So Close to Home, men and women differ on many key issues of morality, perception, and judgment. The two do have something in common, believe it or not, and that is the expectation of the opposite gender to communicate, think, and react in the exa ct way they do. Hence, frustration. Not with themselves, God forbidRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be A Controversial Topic849 Words à |à 4 Pagesto respect other peopleââ¬â¢s opinions, stop judging others so much and focusing on our own actions and their outcomes. Romantic relationships for lesbians and gays are very challenging, as society can be very brutal and cruel sometimes against people who have chosen to love other people who are not from the opposite sex. Every person feels the need to share their lives with someone else and everyone is free to choose their partners. Society should not impose their opinions or even worse putting otherRead MoreTaking a Look at Gender Bias703 Words à |à 3 PagesStereotypes, in my opinion are the lazy mans justification for ignorance and bigotry. I understand that to a certain extent we have stereotypes because they are based in some fashion upon something that is common as well as a true observation, but I do not believe each human being is but a collection of stereotypes. Such as African American and poor, Caucasian and privileged, or Gay and fabulous. I hate to see enforced stereotypes. Meaning those situations within everyday communication or interactionRead MoreThe Face Of An Unknown Problem1910 Words à |à 8 PagesThe face of an unknown problem creates self-doubt and from that point on, disaster sinks in. Sometimes at a pace that is out of oneââ¬â¢s control. A disappointment is the same as a wildly successful outcome, both are learning experiences. Difficulties are opportunities to better things; they are stepping-stones to greater experience, each with different requirements, risks, and consideration. Itââ¬â¢s a lot to get right! There are three different types of problems: simple, complicated, and complex. A simple
The Subterraneans Analysis free essay sample
In Terms of a Beatniks Words Jazz poetry can be defined as poetry that demonstrates jazz-like rhythm or the feel of improvisation. As members of the Beat generation began to embrace aspects of African-American culture, the art of Jazz poetry shifted its focus from racial pride and Individuality to Impulsiveness, spontaneity, and freedom, which are all themes In The Subterranean written by Jack Kerouac.In this case, both jazz poetry and jazz music were seen as influential statements against the status quo, which encompass he cultural phenomenon that is beatnik culture. After reading Jack Kerouac The Subterranean, which can be described as a memoir, yet also as a poetic novel, Illustrates Jazz poetry to the highest degree. Every page Is so poetic, where sentences seem more like lyrics that flow madly and encompass the spirit of Jazz. Kerouac stream of consciousness style is ideal for narrating a problematic, tangled, thorny love affair with a woman he cant pull himself together enough to keep, but nonetheless mourned enough to write a book about. This tale documents their zealous relationship that takes place in San Francisco during the sasss. The position of Jazz and jazz culture is central to the novel, tying together the themes of Kerouac writing as well as the spontaneous prose style In which he composed most of his works.Throughout The Subterranean, Leo Perceived, the narrator, presents himself as a philandering fool, who happens to fall in love by way of jealousy with an African American named Maraud Fox. The book focuses on their strained relationship and lifestyle which is muddled mix of art, partying, drugs, and music. The relationship from the start Immediately seems destined for failure and It Is Kerouac frenetic and settles pursuit of new sensation and experience in life that is impeccably translated into his writing.When the word Jazz comes to mind I instinctively hear the up-tempo, bebop, disorderly tunes that flow unhinged with no break or pattern. Kerouac tells this love story in a sort of maddened free flowing style with lack of punctuation that flows to a jazz like beat. Although jazz music typically does not have words, I feel as if Kerouac writing in this book would be perfect lyrics for any song of its kind. He writes with such emotion, truth, and rhythm that I could hear these words being reformed by a Jazz musician In a shadowy clandestine Jazz club In any city.In fact, find it to be effortless to read when I think of It In terms of a song. Throughout this novel, as well as any other I have had the pleasure of reading by Kerouac, it is evident that he has such a way with words that he can make any task or thought seem so lyrical. .. . The little white woolly particles from the pillow stuffing in her black almost wiry hair, and her puffed cheeks and little puffed lips, the gloom and dank of Heavenly Lane, I OFF her but crooked ( Kerouac 39) Kerouac is so descriptive in what he writes that it is almost difficult not to paint a picture of what he saw and was thinking at that exact moment in time.I feel as if he is really revealing himself in this novel through the main character. Leo at times seems so self conscious, and his feelings for Maraud seem so palpable, it makes the romance seem all the more twisted and dark. It allows me to imagine Leo sitting there in a shadowy apartment pondering his relationship with Maraud and all his faults. Kerouac uses his fictional self, Leo, to take the reader to where he was at that moment in his life. It allows the reader to take a look at beatnik culture and go to the jazz clubs that were such a place of bliss for Kerouac.The beatnik vernacular might take some time to fully grasp but it makes each page all the more authentic. Its the descriptive and graphic language of that time period that makes The Subterranean a beatnik classic. .. . The great tumescent turbulent turmoil alliterative as a hammer on the brain bone bag and balls, bang Im sorry I was ever born ( Kerouac 96-97) The fact that Kerouac wrote such a vivid novel that evokes language which causes me to be tongue tied in every sense bewilders me. Its not Just the love story and culture that the book centers on, I think that its the words as well.Although the whole novel was written in three days I feel as if each page could have taken three days or more to write. While it lacks punctuation and its very free-flowing the words in The Subterranean evoke so much sensation and sound I am not only reading, I am listening. Not only is The Subterranean sort of a love story, it might be the truest love story I have ever read. I would never presume Kerouac would write the typical boy meets girl, boy chases girl, boy gets girl and they fall in love type of story, but breathless he writes a factual account of what people really endure during a relationship.Leo meets Maraud, is infatuated with her, and thus starts the relationship. Their romance is filled with drama due to his Jealousy and insecurities, as well as the personal issues she has herself. The life style they lead consists of culture that might not be the most suitable grounds to establish a budding relationship. Leo and Maraud make immense assertions and promises in the great rush of a new relationship, and then fail each other until the magic that once was gradually diminishes. There is no final scene where Leo shows up with flowers in hand proclaiming to be a changed man while promising a new and satisfying life. It ends with the sorrow and realization that love will come, and love will go. And I go home having lost her love. And now write this book. .. ( Kerouac 111) Although the final words are heartrending and callous, they are appropriate for a story such as this. This relationship ends like any other, and Kerouac wrote it in a way that is beautiful and completely familiar. Jazz is not the effect of choosing a tune, but perhaps more of an idea or a narrative created in the mind.It is music, but like all animated, but always filled with feeling and tales off life that is entirely lived. I cant say that I am wholly familiar with Jazz music, but from what I have come to understand the creative force behind it is the human experience. Kerouac encompasses the elements of Jazz in his writing to tell a love story that illustrates what he felt, heard, and saw during the sasss beatnik movement. In The Subterranean Jazz not only plays a pivotal in the plot, but also in how Kerouac delivers each word on every page making it the lyrical and melodic novel it is.
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
Transgenic Rice Plants Essay Example For Students
Transgenic Rice Plants Essay For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994, worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world countries desperate for their staple food. We will write a custom essay on Transgenic Rice Plants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and increase yields that could be used to feed the populations of the world. One method to increase rice crop yields is the institution of Transgenic Rice Plants Essay that express insect resistance genes. The two major ways to accomplish insect resistance in rice are the introduction of the potato proteinas e inhibitor II gene or the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into the plants genome. Other experimental methods of instituting insect resistance include the use of the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene. The introduction of the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, or PINII, marks the first time that useful genes were successfully transferred from a dicotyledonus plant to a monocotyledonous plant. Whenever the plant is wounded by insects, the PINII gene produces a protein that interferes with the insects digestive processes. These protein inhibitors can be detrimental to the growth and development of a wide range of insects that attack rice plants and result in insects eating less of the plant material. Proteinase inhibitors are of particular interest because they are part of the rice plants natural defense system against insects. They are also beneficial because they are inactivated by cooking and therefore pose no environmental or health hazards to the human consumption of PINII treated rice. In order to produce fertile transgenic rice plants, plasmid pTW was used, coupled with the pin 2 promoter and the inserted rice actin intron, act 1. The combination of the pin 2 promoter and act 1 intron has been shown to produce a high level, wound inducible expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. This was useful for delivering the protein inhibitor to insects which eat plant material. The selectable marker in this trial was the bacterial phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene (bar) which was linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Next the plasmid pTW was injected into cell cultures of Japonica rice using the BiolisticTM particle delivery system. The BiolisticTM system proceeds as follows: Immature embryos and embryonic calli of six rice materials were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with DNA of two plasmids containing the appropriate genes. The plant materials showed high frequency of expression of genes when stained with X-Gluc. The number of blue or transgenic units was approximately 1,000. After one week, the transgenic cells were transferred onto selection medium containing hygromycin B. After two weeks, fresh cell cultures could be seen on bombarded tissue. Some cultures were white and some cultures were blue. Isolated cell cultures were further selected on hygromycin resistance. However, no control plant survived. Then twenty plates of cells were bombarded with the PINII gene, from which over two hundred plants were regenerated and grown in a greenhouse. After their growth, they were tested for PINII gene using DNA blot hybridization and 73% of the plants were found to be transgenic. .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .postImageUrl , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:hover , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:visited , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:active { border:0!important; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:active , .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03de362198710225f848f51b7f5240bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Mr. Booker T. Washington, the great leader of t Essay DNA blot hybridization is the process by which DNA from each sample was digested by a suitable restriction endonuclease, separated on an aragose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then finally hybridized with the 1.5 kb DNA fragment with pin 2 coding and 3 regions as the probe. The results also indicate that the PINII gene was inherited by offspring of the original transgenic line, that the PINII levels were higher among many of the offspring and that when PINII levels rose in wounded leaves, the PINII levels in unwounded leaves also rose. However, the PINII gene is not 100% effective in eliminating insects because it does not produce an insect toxin, just a proteinase inhibitor. Yet, greater insect resistance can be achiev ed by adding genes to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis or BT toxin. Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomocidal spore-forming soil bacterium that offers a way of controlling stem boring insects. . Transgenic Rice Plants Essay Example For Students Transgenic Rice Plants Essay For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994, worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world countries desperate for their staple food. We will write a custom essay on Transgenic Rice Plants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and increase yields that could be used to feed the populations of the world. One method to increase rice crop yields is the institution of Transgenic Rice Plants Essay that express insect resistance genes. The two major ways to accomplish insect resistance in rice are the introduction of the potato proteinas e inhibitor II gene or the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into the plants genome. Other experimental methods of instituting insect resistance include the use of the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene. The introduction of the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, or PINII, marks the first time that useful genes were successfully transferred from a dicotyledonus plant to a monocotyledonous plant. Whenever the plant is wounded by insects, the PINII gene produces a protein that interferes with the insects digestive processes. These protein inhibitors can be detrimental to the growth and development of a wide range of insects that attack rice plants and result in insects eating less of the plant material. Proteinase inhibitors are of particular interest because they are part of the rice plants natural defense system against insects. They are also beneficial because they are inactivated by cooking and therefore pose no environmental or health hazards to the human consumption of PINII treated rice. In order to produce fertile transgenic rice plants, plasmid pTW was used, coupled with the pin 2 promoter and the inserted rice actin intron, act 1. The combination of the pin 2 promoter and act 1 intron has been shown to produce a high level, wound inducible expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. This was useful for delivering the protein inhibitor to insects which eat plant material. The selectable marker in this trial was the bacterial phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene (bar) which was linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Next the plasmid pTW was injected into cell cultures of Japonica rice using the BiolisticTM particle delivery system. The BiolisticTM system proceeds as follows: Immature embryos and embryonic calli of six rice materials were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with DNA of two plasmids containing the appropriate genes. The plant materials showed high frequency of expression of genes when stained with X-Gluc. The number of blue or transgenic units was approximately 1,000. After one week, the transgenic cells were transferred onto selection medium containing hygromycin B. After two weeks, fresh cell cultures could be seen on bombarded tissue. Some cultures were white and some cultures were blue. Isolated cell cultures were further selected on hygromycin resistance. However, no control plant survived. Then twenty plates of cells were bombarded with the PINII gene, from which over two hundred plants were regenerated and grown in a greenhouse. After their growth, they were tested for PINII gene using DNA blot hybridization and 73% of the plants were found to be transgenic. .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .postImageUrl , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:hover , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:visited , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:active { border:0!important; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:active , .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0594af38202c61712ea6bd6c5a1714f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cloud Operating System Architecture Essay DNA blot hybridization is the process by which DNA from each sample was digested by a suitable restriction endonuclease, separated on an aragose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then finally hybridized with the 1.5 kb DNA fragment with pin 2 coding and 3 regions as the probe. The results also indicate that the PINII gene was inherited by offspring of the original transgenic line, that the PINII levels were higher among many of the offspring and that when PINII levels rose in wounded leaves, the PINII levels in unwounded leaves also rose. However, the PINII gene is not 100% effective in eliminating insects because it does not produce an insect toxin, just a proteinase inhibitor. Yet, greater insect resistance can be achiev ed by adding genes to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis or BT toxin. Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomocidal spore-forming soil bacterium that offers a way of controlling stem boring insects. Stem borers such as the pink and . Transgenic Rice Plants Essay Example For Students Transgenic Rice Plants Essay Word Count: 2463 For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994, worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world countries desperate for their staple food. We will write a custom essay on Transgenic Rice Plants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and increase yields that could be used to feed the populations of the world. One method to increase rice crop yields is the institution of that express insect resistance genes. The two major ways to accomplish insect resistance in rice are the introduction of the potato proteinas e inhibitor II gene or the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into the plants genome. Other experimental methods of instituting insect resistance include the use of the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene. The introduction of the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, or PINII, marks the first time that useful genes were successfully transferred from a dicotyledonus plant to a monocotyledonous plant. Whenever the plant is wounded by insects, the PINII gene produces a protein that interferes with the insects digestive processes. These protein inhibitors can be detrimental to the growth and development of a wide range of insects that attack rice plants and result in insects eating less of the plant material. Proteinase inhibitors are of particular interest because they are part of the rice plants natural defense system against insects. They are also beneficial because they are inactivated by cooking and therefore pose no environmental or health hazards to the human consumption of PINII treated rice. In order to produce fertile transgenic rice plants, plasmid pTW was used, coupled with the pin 2 promoter and the inserted rice actin intron, act 1. The combination of the pin 2 promoter and act 1 intron has been shown to produce a high level, wound inducible expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. This was useful for delivering the protein inhibitor to insects which eat plant material. The selectable marker in this trial was the bacterial phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene (bar) which was linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Next the plasmid pTW was injected into cell cultures of Japonica rice using the BiolisticTM particle delivery system. The BiolisticTM system proceeds as follows: Immature embryos and embryonic calli of six rice materials were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with DNA of two plasmids containing the appropriate genes. The plant materials showed high frequency of expression of genes when stained with X-Gluc. The number of blue or transgenic units was approximately 1,000. After one week, the transgenic cells were transferred onto selection medium containing hygromycin B. After two weeks, fresh cell cultures could be seen on bombarded tissue. Some cultures were white and some cultures were blue. Isolated cell cultures were further selected on hygromycin resistance. However, no control plant survived. Then twenty plates of cells were bombarded with the PINII gene, from which over two hundred plants were regenerated and grown in a greenhouse. After their growth, they were tested for PINII gene using DNA blot hybridization and 73% of the plants were found to be transgenic. .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .postImageUrl , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:hover , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:visited , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:active { border:0!important; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:active , .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19e425f68af4f97a2b45de20b4093a3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Is There Gravity? Essay DNA blot hybridization is the process by which DNA from each sample was digested by a suitable restriction endonuclease, separated on an aragose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then finally hybridized with the 1.5 kb DNA fragment with pin 2 coding and 3 regions as the probe. The results also indicate that the PINII gene was inherited by offspring of the original transgenic line, that the PINII levels were higher among many of the offspring and that when PINII levels rose in wounded leaves, the PINII levels in unwounded leaves also rose. However, the PINII gene is not 100% effective in eliminating insects because it does not produce an insect toxin, just a proteinase inhibitor. Yet, greater insect resistance can be achiev ed by adding genes to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis or BT toxin. Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomocidal spore-forming soil bacterium that offers a way of controlling stem boring insects. . Transgenic Rice Plants Essay Example For Students Transgenic Rice Plants Essay For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994, worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world countries desperate for their staple food. We will write a custom essay on Transgenic Rice Plants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and increase yields that could be used to feed the populations of the world. One method to increase rice crop yields is the institution of Transgenic Rice Plants Essay that express insect resistance genes. The two major ways to accomplish insect resistance in rice are the introduction of the potato proteinas e inhibitor II gene or the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into the plants genome. Other experimental methods of instituting insect resistance include the use of the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene. The introduction of the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, or PINII, marks the first time that useful genes were successfully transferred from a dicotyledonus plant to a monocotyledonous plant. Whenever the plant is wounded by insects, the PINII gene produces a protein that interferes with the insects digestive processes. These protein inhibitors can be detrimental to the growth and development of a wide range of insects that attack rice plants and result in insects eating less of the plant material. Proteinase inhibitors are of particular interest because they are part of the rice plants natural defense system against insects. They are also beneficial because they are inactivated by cooking and therefore pose no environmental or health hazards to the human consumption of PINII treated rice. In order to produce fertile transgenic rice plants, plasmid pTW was used, coupled with the pin 2 promoter and the inserted rice actin intron, act 1. The combination of the pin 2 promoter and act 1 intron has been shown to produce a high level, wound inducible expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. This was useful for delivering the protein inhibitor to insects which eat plant material. The selectable marker in this trial was the bacterial phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene (bar) which was linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Next the plasmid pTW was injected into cell cultures of Japonica rice using the BiolisticTM particle delivery system. The BiolisticTM system proceeds as follows: Immature embryos and embryonic calli of six rice materials were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with DNA of two plasmids containing the appropriate genes. The plant materials showed high frequency of expression of genes when stained with X-Gluc. The number of blue or transgenic units was approximately 1,000. After one week, the transgenic cells were transferred onto selection medium containing hygromycin B. After two weeks, fresh cell cultures could be seen on bombarded tissue. Some cultures were white and some cultures were blue. Isolated cell cultures were further selected on hygromycin resistance. However, no control plant survived. Then twenty plates of cells were bombarded with the PINII gene, from which over two hundred plants were regenerated and grown in a greenhouse. After their growth, they were tested for PINII gene using DNA blot hybridization and 73% of the plants were found to be transgenic. .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .postImageUrl , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:hover , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:visited , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:active { border:0!important; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:active , .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5 .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5510131b63442f961d248b654ab0afd5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brave New World \ 1984 Essay DNA blot hybridization is the process by which DNA from each sample was digested by a suitable restriction endonuclease, separated on an aragose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then finally hybridized with the 1.5 kb DNA fragment with pin 2 coding and 3 regions as the probe. The results also indicate that the PINII gene was inherited by offspring of the original transgenic line, that the PINII levels were higher among many of the offspring and that when PINII levels rose in wounded leaves, the PINII levels in unwounded leaves also rose. However, the PINII gene is not 100% effective in eliminating insects because it does not produce an insect toxin, just a proteinase inhibitor. Yet, greater insect resistance can be achiev ed by adding genes to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis or BT toxin. Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomocidal spore-forming soil bacterium that offers a way of controlling stem boring insects. .
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